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"Barbie"

This story takes place in the 1930’s. It’s a story that starts out sounding like one we’ve all heard before.

Girl meets Boy. Girl falls in love with Boy. Girl graduates from high school. Girl has visions of great career success in the real world. Girl wants to go to college. Parents are not overly enthusiastic about college since it is more traditional to get married and raise a family. Girl goes to college anyway and marries boy too. This married girl and boy are Ruth and Elliot Handler. They raise two children, Barbie and Ken.

In the mid 1940’s, the young ambitious duo Ruth and Elliot Handler, owned a company that made wooden picture frames. Elliot and his partner Harold Mattson built the samples and Ruth was in charge of marketing them. Elliot began to use the scraps of wood from picture frames to make doll furniture. This was the beginning of their toy business. It was in 1945 that Ruth and Elliot Handler joined with their close friend Harold Mattson to form a company that would be known for the most famous and successful doll ever created. This company would be named Mattel, MATT for Mattson, and EL for Elliot. Mattel continued to grow from a very profitable business into a corporate giant.

In the mid 1950’s, while visiting Switzerland, Ruth Handler purchased a German Lilli doll. Lilli was a shapely, pretty fashion doll first made in 1955. She was originally fashioned after a famous cartoon character in the West German Newsletter, Bild. Lilli was made of hard plastic with molded on shoes and earrings. She was available in 11 ฝ" or 7" in heights. Her hair was long and pulled back into a ponytail. There was a large wardrobe available for this doll. Lilli is the doll that would inspire Ruth Handler to design the Barbie doll.

Ruth knew what she wanted Barbie to look like. With the help of her technicians and engineers at Mattel, Barbie was born. Ruth then hired Charlotte Johnson, a fashion designer, to create Barbies wardrobe.

It was in 1958 that the patent for Barbie was obtained. This would be a fashion doll unlike any of her time. She would be long limbed, shapely and beautiful, all of this and only 11 ฝ" tall.

Paper fashion dolls of the times would give way to a three dimensional beauty with a wardrobe of unsurpassed quality. Ruth and Elliot would name their new fashion doll after their own daughter, Barbie. Barbie dolls’ soon to be boyfriend Ken, would be named after their son Ken.

In 1959, Barbie doll would make her way to the New York Toy Show and receive a cool reception from the toy buyers. She would be viewed as risky to buyers since she was not the typical style selling baby doll of the times. Upon seeing Barbie on store shelves, the public decided differently. By 1960, the mood would change and the orders started pouring in to Mattel. It took several years for Mattel to catch up with the demand for Barbie. Within ten years, the public purchased $500 million worth of Barbie products.

Barbie has undergone a lot of changes over the years and has managed to keep up with current trends in hairstyles, makeup and clothing. She is a reflection of the history of fashion since her introduction to the toy market. Barbie has a universal appeal and collectors both young and old enjoy time spent and memories made with their dolls.

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The History of Pizza

Like living things, pizza has evolved into its current form very gradually. It bears the mark of many ancient cultures centered around the Mediterranean sea. If you're looking for a simplified review of the history of pizza, try the outline below. If you want more detail, try the longer review that follows this outline.
Ancient Greeks ate a flat, baked bread with assorted toppings called plankuntos. This flatbread may have been a derivative of something Babylonians ate in earlier centuries.
While originally thought to be poisonous, Spaniards who had been to Mexico and Peru introduced the tomato to Italy in the 16th century.
The original mozzarella cheese was made from the milk of Indian water buffalo in the 7th century. It was introduced to Italy in the 18th century.
The world's first true pizzeria may have been "Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba" which opened in 1830 and is still in business today at Via Port'Alba 18 in Naples.
Italian and Greek peasants ate earlier forms of pizza for several centuries before it became a hit among aristocracy. In 1889, a Neapolitan named Rafaele Esposito prepared pizza for King Umberto I and Queen Margherita, who apparently loved it.
An Italian immigrant named Gennaro Lombardi opened the first U.S. pizzeria in 1895 in New York City.
Pizza is now consumed all over the world, though travelers are often amazed by how different cultures have adapted pizza to their own preferences. name
The History of Pizza In Detail
It's kind of silly to talk about anyone "inventing" pizza. Pizza has undergone a very slow process of evolution over the centuries, but it is quite certainly the cultures of the Mediterranean that deserve credit for creating it. Historical records suggest that people in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome all ate things that are very similar to our modern pizza crust. Ancient Egyptians had a custom of celebrating the Pharaoh's birthday with a flat bread seasoned with herbs, and Herodotus, a Greek historian described Babylonian recipes that are very similar to contemporary pizza crust. The word pizza may be a derivative of the Latin word picea, a word which the Romans used to describe the blackening of bread in an oven.
PREDECESSORS OF PIZZA IN THE MIDDLE AGES
Pizza most clearly took the form that we are now familiar with in pre-Renaissance Naples, a large city in central Italy. Poor peasants used their limited ingredients (wheat flour, olive oil, lard, cheese and natural herbs) to make a seasoned, flat bread garnished with cheese. Mozzarella cheese was one benefit of an invasion from Asian peoples, who brought the water buffalo to Italy. Today, the best mozzarella cheese is still made from water buffalo milk.
The word pizza, as it is currently spelled, also emerged some time in the Middle Ages. It was used to describe both sweet and salty pies that were becoming increasingly popular among Italian aristocracy.
THE FEARED AMERICAN TOMATO
Europeans returning from Peru and Mexico brought with them what was originally thought to be a very poisonous fruit: the tomato. Precisely how they decided that the tomato was actually edible is unclear, but as Southern Europeans overcame their suspicions, the tomato became enormously popular. Today, of course, the tomato is a crucial component of Mediterranean cuisine, and is still used in most pizza recipes.
NAPLES BECOMES THE PIZZA CAPITOL OF THE WORLD
Naples gradually assumed its reputation as having the finest pizza in Italy throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 19th century, pizza became a popular fast food.
Before pizzerias became very popular, however, street vendors (typically young boys) walked around the city with small tin stoves on their heads, calling out to attract customers. While undoubtedly uncomfortable for these 19th-century delivery boys, this street-vending method made pizza ever-more popular, and paved the way for the opening of the world's first pizzeria.
The world's first true pizzeria, "Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba", opened in 1830 and is still in business today at Via Port'Alba 18 in Naples. Pizzerias in this era usually included a large brick oven, a marble counter where the crust was prepared, and a shelf lined with ingredients. Contemporary Neapolitan pizzerias are prepared in the same way they were 100 years ago. The large brick ovens make the pizzerias uncomfortably hot in every season except winter, but the unique flavor of these brick-oven pizzas is unmatched. Pizzaioli (makers of pizza) often assemble the entire pizza on a marble counter right before the customer's eyes.
Some writers have considered the pizza an invention of the man who is responsible for making it an international phenomenon (but the fact that this man worked in a pizzeria makes it difficult to call him the father of pizza!). In 1889, Rafaele Esposito of the Pizzeria di Pietro e Basta Cosi (now called Pizzeria Brandi) baked pizza especially for the visit of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita. To make the pizza a little more patriotic-looking, Esposito used red tomato sauce, white mozzarella cheese and green basil leaves as toppings. Queen Margherita loved the pizza, and what eventually became Pizza Margherita has since become an international standard. Pizzeria Brandi, now more than 200 years old, still proudly displays a royal thank-you note signed by Galli Camillo, "head of the table of the royal household", dated June 1889.
Neapolitan pizza is still widely regarded as the best in the world, probably because of the fresh ingredients available to Neapolitan pizzerias: herbs, garlic, and tomatoes grown in the rich volcanic ash of Vesuvius, and fresh mozzarella from water buffalo milk.
Today, the Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana (the Association of True Neapolitan Pizza) maintains strict member guidelines for ingredients, dough, and cooking. This elite organization maintains that pizza dough must be made only with flour, natural yeast or brewers yeast, salt and water. Dough must be kneaded by hand or mixers which do not cause the dough to overheat, and the dough must be punched down and shaped by hand. Also, only wood-burning, bell-shaped brick ovens are permitted in pizzerias that belong to this organization. The pizza must be cooked on the surface of the oven (often made of volcanic stone), and not in any pan or container, with oven temperatures reaching at least 400-430ฐ C (750-800ฐ F). These ovens often have to heat up for hours before the first pizza is cooked.
This information was gathered from sites listed on the

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เมื่อรักจบลง!... ใครคือคนผิด?

เรื่องความรัก . . . เมื่อมันจบลง มักต่างฝ่ายต่างคิดว่าอีกฝ่ายเป็นคนผิด โทษกันไปโทษกันมาว่า . . . ตัวเองไม่ผิด แต่ถ้าเรามานั่งคิดจะรู้ว่า . . . ไม่มีใครผิด หรือผิดทั้งคู่
อยากบอกว่าสับสนไปหมดแล้ว มันเกิดอะไรขึ้นกับเรา? ใครคือคนที่ผิด. . . เราหรือว่าเขาคนนั้น เราผิดที่เราไม่ห้ามใจตัวเอง. . . เราผิดที่เราหลงรักเขา. . . เราผิดเหรอ? . . . ที่ห้ามใจของตัวเองไม่ได้
ทุกครั้งที่ผ่านมา เราเลือกที่จะเก็บมันเอาไว้กับตัวเอง. . . มากกว่าที่จะเอ่ยบอกใครคนนั้น ที่เราแอบรัก เพราะเรากลัว. . . กลัว. . . ว่ามันจะไม่มีวันดีๆอย่างเมื่อวานอีกแล้ว กลัว. . . ว่าความรู้สึกดีๆ ที่เขามีให้มันจะหมดไป กลัว. . . ว่าทุกอย่างจะเปลี่ยนไปไม่เหมือนเดิม
แค่ได้อยู่ใกล้ๆ ได้เห็นหน้า ได้พูดคุยบ้างก็ยังดี . . . ไม่ต้องการมากไปกว่านี้เลย จนวันที่เรามีตัวจริง ความรู้สึกนี้ก็หายไป จนเกือบจะลืมไปแล้วด้วยซ้ำว่า. . . มันเป็นอย่างไร ลืมรสชาติของความเจ็บปวดของการแอบหลงรักใครสักคน โดยที่เขา ไม่มีวันรู้ว่ามันเป็นอย่างไร
จนวันนี้ . . .วันที่เราได้เจอเขาคนหนึ่ง เหมือนคนทั่วๆไป ไม่มีอะไรเด่น นอกจากความมีมนุษย์สัมพันธ์ดี ที่มีให้ ความมีน้ำใจที่เต็มเปี่ยม ตลอดเวลาที่ผ่านมา ความรู้สึกที่มันเกิดขึ้นระหว่างเรากับเขา
มันก็ระบุไม่ได้เหมือนกันว่าเป็นอะไร "เพื่อน" หรือ "คนพิเศษ" ทุกอย่างมันไม่ได้ชัดเจนขนาดนั้น ใช่ก็ไม่ใช่ จะไม่ใช่ก็ใช่ ไม่อยากเออออไปเอง ว่าเขามีใจให้. . . ว่าเขาสนใจ
เพราะเขายังทำแบบนี้กับอีก 10 คนอื่นๆ ไม่ได้แตกต่างจากเราเลย เขาผิด. . . แล้วผิดเพราะอะไรล่ะ ไม่รู้เหมือนกัน? ส่วนเราผิด. . . ที่มาคิดเกินเลยกว่าคำว่าเพื่อน ผิด. . . ที่ไม่ยอมห้ามตัวเอง. . . ไม่รู้เหมือนกันเพราะอะไร
บอกตามตรงว่า . . เสียศูนย์มาก เรียกว่าเสียการทรงตัวไปเลยล่ะ ณ ชั่วโมงนี้ คิดไม่ออก บอกไม่ถูก และไม่มีอะไรจะพูดเลยแม้แต่คำเดียว มันตื้อๆๆ ตึ๊บๆๆยังไงบอกไม่ถูก เหมือนโดยไม้หน้าสามตีหัว สุดท้ายมันเลย กลัว. . . แต่ไม่รู้ว่ากลัวอะไรเหมือนกัน
และแล้ว. . . วันนั้นก็มาถึง วันที่เราเจ็บสุดๆ กับคนที่เราแอบหลงรัก และคิดว่าเขารักเราด้วย เขาพาใครมาแนะนำให้เรารู้จัก และบอกกับเราว่า… "นี่คือแฟนเรา" ตอนนั้น. . . ทำอะไรไม่ถูกเหมือนกัน
ที่คิดว่าเขามีใจให้เรา. . .มันกลับไม่ใช่ เราได้แต่ถามตัวเองว่า . . . "ทำไมเขาไม่เลือกเรา" "ทำไมเขาไม่รักเรา" "ทำไมเขาทิ้งเราไปง่ายจัง" "ทำไมความรักของเรา มันไม่มีค่าอะไรเลยเหรอ" "ตลอดเวลาที่ผ่านมา ทำไมเขาต้องทำดี และเหมือนมีใจให้เรา"
. . . และ ทำไมทำไมทำไม อีกนับล้านที่มันวิ่งไปมาจนแทบจะบ้า จนสุดท้ายมันก็ยังไม่ได้คำตอบ . . . และมันยังคงเป็นคำถามที่ค้างคาใจ กับฉันจนกระทั่งทุกวันนี้…

Bastille day

14 July is the French Bastille day, simply called 14 Juillet or less commonly but more officially Fête nationale (though it is generally referred to as Bastille Day in English). Many cities hold fireworks during the night. Many dancing parties are organised (bals du 14 juillet) and it is customary that firefighters organise them (bals des pompiers). Those celebrations take place from 13 July at night to 14 July.
The day officially celebrates the 1790 Fête de la Fédération, though it is often associated, even in France, with the Storming of the Bastille. Military parades, called Défilés du 14 juillet, are held on the morning of 14 July, the largest of which takes place on the Champs-Élysées avenue in Paris in front of the President of the Republic.
The parade opens with cadets from certain schools (École Polytechnique, Saint-Cyr, École Navale, and so forth), then other infantry troops, then motorised troops; aviation of the Patrouille de France flies above. In recent times, it has become customary to invite units from France's close allies into the parade; for instance, in 2004 during the centenary of the Entente Cordiale, British troops (the band of the Royal Marines, the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, Grenadier Guards and King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery) led the Bastille Day parade in Paris for the first time, with the Red Arrows flying overhead.[1].
The parade also involves the French Republican Guard, and occasionally (non-military) police units; it always ends with the much-cheered and popular Paris Fire Brigade (which, exceptionally, has military status in France). Traditionally, the students of the École Polytechnique set up some form of joke.
The president then used to give an interview to members of the press, discussing the situation of the country, recent events and projects for the future. Nevertheless, the new elected president Nicolas Sarkozy has chosen not to give it. He also holds a garden party at the Palais de l'Elysée.
Moreover, a major part of the cadets and some militaries take part to presentation of the Army in all districts of Paris.
Bastille Day also falls during the running of the Tour de France, and is traditionally the day upon which French riders will make a special effort to take a stage victory for France.
Article 17 of the Constitution of France gives the President the authority to pardon offender, and since 1991 the President has pardoned many petty offenders (mainly traffic offences) on this day. In 2007, Sarkozy refused to continue the practice.

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